GCD & LCM

先做质因数分解,然后根据题目叙述的最大最小值,判断目标数字的质因子指数,从而得出具体数值。

Q1 2023 AMC 12B Problems/Problem 24

Suppose that $a$$b$$c$ and $d$ are positive integers satisfying all of the following relations.

\[abcd=2^6\cdot 3^9\cdot 5^7\]
\[\text{lcm}(a,b)=2^3\cdot 3^2\cdot 5^3\]
\[\text{lcm}(a,c)=2^3\cdot 3^3\cdot 5^3\]
\[\text{lcm}(a,d)=2^3\cdot 3^3\cdot 5^3\]
\[\text{lcm}(b,c)=2^1\cdot 3^3\cdot 5^2\]
\[\text{lcm}(b,d)=2^2\cdot 3^3\cdot 5^2\]
\[\text{lcm}(c,d)=2^2\cdot 3^3\cdot 5^2\]

What is $\text{gcd}(a,b,c,d)$?

$\textbf{(A)}~30\qquad\textbf{(B)}~45\qquad\textbf{(C)}~3\qquad\textbf{(D)}~15\qquad\textbf{(E)}~6$

Q2 2022 AMC 10A Problems/Problem 7
The least common multiple of a positive integer $n$ and $18$ is $180$, and the greatest common divisor of $n$ and $45$ is $15$. What is the sum of the digits of $n$?

$\textbf{(A) } 3 \qquad \textbf{(B) } 6 \qquad \textbf{(C) } 8 \qquad \textbf{(D) } 9 \qquad \textbf{(E) } 12$


Q3 2018 AMC 10A Problems/Problem 22
Let $a, b, c,$ and $d$ be positive integers such that $\gcd(a, b)=24$$\gcd(b, c)=36$$\gcd(c, d)=54$, and $70<\gcd(d, a)<100$. Which of the following must be a divisor of $a$? (gcd means greatest common factor)

$\textbf{(A)} \text{ 5} \qquad \textbf{(B)} \text{ 7} \qquad \textbf{(C)} \text{ 11} \qquad \textbf{(D)} \text{ 13} \qquad \textbf{(E)} \text{ 17}$

Q4 2020 AMC 12A Problems/Problem 21

How many positive integers $n$ are there such that $n$ is a multiple of $5$, and the least common multiple of $5!$ and $n$ equals $5$ times the greatest common divisor of $10!$ and $n?$

$\textbf{(A) } 12 \qquad \textbf{(B) } 24 \qquad \textbf{(C) } 36 \qquad \textbf{(D) } 48 \qquad \textbf{(E) } 72$

Q5 2013 AIME I Problems/Problem 11

Ms. Math’s kindergarten class has $16$ registered students. The classroom has a very large number, $N$, of play blocks which satisfies the conditions:

(a) If $16$$15$, or $14$ students are present in the class, then in each case all the blocks can be distributed in equal numbers to each student, and

(b) There are three integers $0 < x < y < z < 14$ such that when $x$$y$, or $z$ students are present and the blocks are distributed in equal numbers to each student, there are exactly three blocks left over.

Find the sum of the distinct prime divisors of the least possible value of $N$ satisfying the above conditions.

Q6


q5 2013 AIME I Problems/Problem 11

Ms. Math’s kindergarten class has $16$ registered students. The classroom has a very large number, $N$, of play blocks which satisfies the conditions:

(a) If $16$$15$, or $14$ students are present in the class, then in each case all the blocks can be distributed in equal numbers to each student, and

(b) There are three integers $0 < x < y < z < 14$ such that when $x$$y$, or $z$ students are present and the blocks are distributed in equal numbers to each student, there are exactly three blocks left over.

Find the sum of the distinct prime divisors of the least possible value of $N$ satisfying the above conditions.

Q1 C3

Q2 B6

Q3 D13

Q4 D48

Q5

$2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 131 = \boxed{148}$

Q6

核心数论预备定理

对于任意两个正整数 \(x,y\),记 \(g=\gcd(x,y)\),我们做变量替换:

\(x = g\cdot a,\quad y = g\cdot b\)

可以得到两条关键结论:

  1. \(\gcd(a,b)=1\)(a 和 b 一定互质,没有公共质因子);
  2. \(\text{lcm}(x,y) = g\cdot a\cdot b\)。

三、代入题目条件推导

本题中 \(g=5!\),\(\text{lcm}(x,y)=50!\),代入公式 2:

\(50! = 5! \cdot a \cdot b\)

变形得到:

\(a\cdot b = \frac{50!}{5!}\)

同时强制约束:\(\gcd(a,b)=1\)。

1. 分析 \(a,b\) 的质因子分配规则

因为 \(a,b\) 互质,每一个质数只能完整分给 a,或者完整分给 b,不能同时出现在两者里

我们只需要找出 \(M=\dfrac{50!}{5!}\) 一共有多少种不同的质因子,每一种质因子有 2 种分配选择。

2. 找出 M 的全部不同质因子

\(M=\dfrac{50!}{5!}\) 的质因子就是所有不超过 50 的质数(所有小于等于 50 的质数都整除 \(50!\),自然全部出现在 M 中)。

列出≤50 的全部质数:

\(2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47\)

数一下,一共15 个不同质数

3. 计算有序数对 \((a,b)\) 的总数

15 个质数,每个质数有 2 种分配方案(给a / 给b),因此满足 \(ab=M,\gcd(a,b)=1\) 的有序数对 \((a,b)\) 总数量:

\(2^{15}\)

4. 筛选满足 \(x \le y\) 的数对

\(x=5!\cdot a,\ y=5!\cdot b\),\(5!\) 是正数,因此 \(x\le y\) 等价于 \(a\le b\)。

现在观察有序对:

  • 若存在 \(a=b\),则 \(\gcd(a,b)=a=b\),但要求 \(\gcd(a,b)=1\),推出 \(a=b=1\),此时 \(ab=1\),但 \(M=\dfrac{50!}{5!}\gg1\),不存在 \(a=b\) 的情况
  • 所有有序对都是成对出现:\((a,b)\) 和 \((b,a)\),且 \(a\neq b\)。

因此每 2 个有序对对应 1 个满足 \(a\le b\) 的数对,总数:

\(\frac{2^{15}}{2}=2^{14}=16384\)

四、总结

满足 \(x\le y,\gcd(x,y)=5!,\text{lcm}(x,y)=50!\) 的正整数对 \((x,y)\) 一共有 \(\boldsymbol{2^{14}=16384}\) 组。

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