NT7 Multiples of Special Numbers 特殊数的倍数特征[C Done]

Characteristics of Multiples of Special Numbers

If a k-digit number has digits \(a_{k-1},a_{k-2},\dots,a_1,a_0\) under decimal representation, we denote it as \(\boldsymbol{\overline{a_{k-1}a_{k-2}\dots a_1a_0}}\), and we have:

\(\boldsymbol{\overline{a_{k-1}a_{k-2}\dots a_1a_0}=a_{k-1} \times 10^{k-1}+a_{k-2} \times 10^{k-2}+\dots+a_1 \times 10+a_0}\)

DivisorMethod NameSpecific OperationExample
2Last‑digit Judgment MethodA positive integer is a multiple of 2 if and only if its units digit is a multiple of 2.105 is not a multiple of 2, since its units digit 5 is not a multiple of 2.
4Last‑digit Judgment MethodA positive integer is a multiple of 4 if and only if the number formed by its last two digits is a multiple of 4.136 is a multiple of 4, since the number formed by its last two digits 36 is a multiple of 4.
8Last‑digit Judgment MethodA positive integer is a multiple of 8 if and only if the number formed by its last three digits is a multiple of 8.1375 is not a multiple of 8, since the number formed by its last three digits 375 is not a multiple of 8.

DivisorMethod NameSpecific OperationExample
5Last‑digit Judgment MethodA positive integer is a multiple of 5 if and only if its units digit is a multiple of 5.105 is a multiple of 5, since its units digit 5 is a multiple of 5.
25Last‑digit Judgment MethodA positive integer is a multiple of 25 if and only if the number formed by its last two digits is a multiple of 25.136 is not a multiple of 25, since the number formed by its last two digits 36 is not a multiple of 25.
125Last‑digit Judgment MethodA positive integer is a multiple of 125 if and only if the number formed by its last three digits is a multiple of 125.1375 is a multiple of 125, since the number formed by its last three digits 375 is a multiple of 125.

DivisorMethod NameSpecific OperationExample
3Digit Sum MethodA positive integer is a multiple of 3 if and only if the sum of its digits is a multiple of 3.105 is a multiple of 3, since the sum of its digits is a multiple of 3.
9Digit Sum MethodA positive integer is a multiple of 9 if and only if the sum of its digits is a multiple of 9.136 is not a multiple of 9, since the sum of its digits is not a multiple of 9.
DivisorMethod NameSpecific OperationExample
11Odd‑Even Position Difference MethodA positive integer is a multiple of 11 if and only if the difference between the sum of its digits in odd positions and the sum of its digits in even positions is a multiple of 11.1375 is a multiple of 11, since the sum of its digits in odd positions is 8, the sum of its digits in even positions is also 8, and their difference 0 is a multiple of 11.

特殊数的倍数特征

如果一个k位数在十进制表示下数字依次为\(a_{k-1},a_{k-2},\dots,a_1,a_0\),我们可将其记为\(\boldsymbol{\overline{a_{k-1}a_{k-2}\dots a_1a_0}}\),同时有

\(\boldsymbol{\overline{a_{k-1}a_{k-2}\dots a_1a_0}=a_{k-1} \times 10^{k-1}+a_{k-2} \times 10^{k-2}+\dots+a_1 \times 10+a_0}\)

除数方法名称具体操作举例
2尾数判断法一个正数是 2 的倍数等价于这个数的个位是 2 的倍数。105 不是 2 的倍数,因为其个位为 5,不是 2 的倍数。
4尾数判断法一个正数是 4 的倍数等价于这个数的末两位是 4 的倍数。136 是 4 的倍数,因为其末两位 36 是 4 的倍数。
8尾数判断法一个正数是 8 的倍数等价于这个数的末三位是 8 的倍数。1375 不是 8 的倍数,末三位为 375,不是 8 的倍数。

除数方法名称具体操作举例
5尾数判断法一个正数是 5 的倍数等价于这个数的个位是 5 的倍数。105 是 5 的倍数,因为其个位为 5,是 5 的倍数。
25尾数判断法一个正数是 25 的倍数等价于这个数的末两位是 25 的倍数。136 不是 25 的倍数,因为其末两位 36 不是 25 的倍数。
125尾数判断法一个正数是 125 的倍数等价于这个数的末三位是 125 的倍数。1375 是 125 的倍数,因为其末三位为 375,是 125 的倍数。
除数方法名称具体操作举例
3数字求和法一个正数是 3 的倍数等价于这个数的各位数字之和是 3 的倍数。105 是 3 的倍数,因为其各位数字之和是 3 的倍数。
9数字求和法一个正数是 9 的倍数等价于这个数的各位数字之和是 9 的倍数。136 不是 9 的倍数,因为其各位数字之和不是 9 的倍数。
除数方法名称具体操作举例
11奇偶位差法一个正数是 11 的倍数等价于这个数的奇数位数字之和与偶数位数字之和的差是 11 的倍数。1375 是 11 的倍数,因为其奇数位数字之和为 8,偶数位数字之和也为 8,它们的差是 0,是 11 的倍数。

Use each of the digits \(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\) exactly once to form a six‑digit number \(\boldsymbol{\overline{abcdef}}\), such that the three‑digit numbers \(\boldsymbol{\overline{abc},\overline{bcd},\overline{cde},\overline{def}}\) are divisible by \(4, 5, 3, 11\) respectively. Find this six‑digit number.

用数字\(1,2,3,4,5,6\)各一次组成一个六位数\(\boldsymbol{\overline{abcdef}}\),使得三位数\(\boldsymbol{\overline{abc},\overline{bcd},\overline{cde},\overline{def}}\)能依次被\(4,5,3,11\)整除,求这个六位数。

中文解答

  1. 由\(\boldsymbol{5 \mid \overline{bcd}}\):能被5整除的数个位为0或5,本题无数字0,因此\(\boldsymbol{d=5}\)。
  2. 由\(\boldsymbol{11 \mid \overline{def}}\):根据11 的奇偶位差法,\((d+f)-e\)是11的倍数。代入\(d=5\),结合数字范围\(1,2,3,4,6\),\((5+f)-e\)只能为0(唯一 11 的倍数),即\(5+f=e\)。唯一符合条件:\(\boldsymbol{f=1,\ e=6}\)。
  3. 由\(\boldsymbol{3 \mid \overline{cde}}\):\(\overline{cde}=\overline{c56}\),能被3整除需各位数字和是3的倍数,即\(c+5+6=c+11\)是3的倍数。剩余未用数字:\(2,3,4\),得\(\boldsymbol{c=4}\)。
  4. 由\(\boldsymbol{4 \mid \overline{abc}}\):\(\overline{abc}=\overline{ab4}\),根据4 的尾数判断法,末两位\(\overline{b4}\)需被4整除。剩余未用数字:\(2,3\),验证得\(b=2\)(\(24\div4=6\)),因此\(\boldsymbol{b=2,\ a=3}\)。

综上,该六位数为\(\boldsymbol{324561}\)。


There are 1956 digits on a circle. It is known that if we write down these digits clockwise starting from a certain position, the resulting 1956‑digit number is divisible by 27. Prove that if we write down these digits clockwise starting from any position, the resulting 1956‑digit number is also divisible by 27.

圆上有 1956 个数码,已知从某一位起把这些数按顺时针方向记下,得到的一个 1956 位数能被 27 整除。求证:如果从任何一位起把这些数码按顺时针方向记下,那么所得的 1956 位数也能被 27 整除。

前置知识

由模运算性质:\(\boldsymbol{10^3 \equiv 1 \pmod{27}}\)(因为 \(1000=27\times37+1\))。

\(1956=3\times652\),因此 \(\boldsymbol{10^{1956}=(10^3)^{652}\equiv1^{652}=1\pmod{27}}\)。

中文证明

设初始 1956 位数为

\(N=\overline{a_1a_2a_3\cdots a_{1956}}=a_1\times10^{1955}+a_2\times10^{1954}+\dots+a_{1955}\times10+a_{1956}\)

已知 \(\boldsymbol{27\mid N}\)。

考虑顺时针轮换 1 位后的数:

\(M=\overline{a_2a_3\cdots a_{1956}a_1}=a_2\times10^{1955}+a_3\times10^{1954}+\dots+a_{1956}\times10+a_1\)

计算 \(10N-M\): \(\begin{align*} 10N&=a_1\times10^{1956}+a_2\times10^{1955}+\dots+a_{1956}\times10 \\ 10N-M&=a_1\times10^{1956}-a_1=a_1\left(10^{1956}-1\right) \end{align*}\)

由前置知识,\(10^{1956}-1\equiv0\pmod{27}\),故 \(\boldsymbol{27\mid 10N-M}\)。

又 \(27\mid N \implies 27\mid10N\),因此 \(\boldsymbol{27\mid M}\)。

以此类推,任意顺时针轮换后的 1956 位数都能被 27 整除。


下面问题只讲解,不要求详细证明,现在水平还不够

A positive integer M satisfies the following property: if a positive integer is divisible by M, then any number formed by rearranging all its digits is also divisible by M. Find all possible values of M.

正整数 M 满足如下性质:如果一个正整数能被 M 整除,那么将这个正整数的所有数字任意排列,所形成的数一定也能被 M 整除。求 M 的所有可能值。

完整解答(中英对照)

中文解答

  1. 验证 \(M=1,3,9\) 满足条件
    • \(M=1\):所有正整数都能被 1 整除,显然满足题意。
    • \(M=3,9\):根据数字求和法,一个数能否被 3 或 9 整除,仅由各位数字之和决定。数字任意排列后,各位数字之和不变,因此重排后的数仍能被 3 或 9 整除。
  2. 证明其余正整数均不满足条件对任意正整数 \(M \notin \{1,3,9\}\),分两类构造反例:
    • 若 M 含因数 \(2,4,5,6,7,8,\dots\):取 10,可被 \(2,5,10\) 整除;重排得 1,无法被 \(2,5,10\) 整除。取 12,可被 \(4,6\) 整除;重排得 21,无法被 \(4,6\) 整除。
    • 若 M 是 \(3,9\) 的倍数但不等于 \(1,3,9\)(如 \(18,27,\dots\)):取 198,可被 18 整除;重排得 189,\(189\div18=10.5\),无法被 18 整除。

综上,M 的所有可能值为 \(\boldsymbol{1,3,9}\)。

English Solution

  1. Verify \(M=1,3,9\) satisfy the condition
    • \(M=1\): Every positive integer is divisible by 1, so the property holds trivially.
    • \(M=3,9\): By the digit sum rule, divisibility by 3 or 9 depends only on the sum of digits. Rearranging digits does not change this sum, so the rearranged number is still divisible by 3 or 9.
  2. Prove all other positive integers do not satisfy the conditionFor any positive integer \(M \notin \{1,3,9\}\), we construct counterexamples:
    • If M has factors \(2,4,5,6,7,8,\dots\):10 is divisible by \(2,5,10\), but rearranged as 1, which is not divisible by them.12 is divisible by \(4,6\), but rearranged as 21, which is not divisible by them.
    • If M is a multiple of \(3/9\) other than \(1,3,9\) (e.g. \(18,27,\dots\)):198 is divisible by 18, but rearranged as 189, which is not divisible by 18.

Therefore, all possible values of M are \(\boldsymbol{1,3,9}\).


Prove that for any positive integer n, \(512 \mid 3^{2n} – 32n^2 + 24n – 1\).

对任意正整数 n,求证:\(512 \mid 3^{2n} – 32n^2 + 24n – 1\)(即 \(3^{2n} – 32n^2 + 24n – 1\) 能被 512 整除)。

核心思想,采用数学归纳法的思维,逐步递归推导

步骤 1:定义数列,转化问题

设 an​=32n−32n2+24n−1,目标:证明 512∣an​ 对所有正整数 n 成立。

  • 验证首项:n=1 时,a1​=32−32+24−1=0显然 512∣0,成立。
  • 关键递推:若能证明 an+1​−an​ 是 512 的倍数,由数学归纳法,所有 an​ 都能被 512 整除。

步骤 2:计算差,降阶问题

an+1​−an​​=[32n+2−32(n+1)2+24(n+1)−1]−[32n−32n2+24n−1]=8⋅32n−64n−8=8(32n−8n−1)​

因此,要证 512∣an+1​−an​,只需证 64∣32n−8n−1(因 512=8×64)。


步骤 3:定义新数列,再次递推

设 bn​=32n−8n−1,目标转化为:证明 64∣bn​。

  • 验证首项:n=1 时,b1​=32−8−1=0显然 64∣0,成立。
  • 关键递推:只需证明 bn+1​−bn​ 是 64 的倍数。

步骤 4:因式分解证明低阶整除

bn+1​−bn​​=[32n+2−8(n+1)−1]−[32n−8n−1]=8⋅32n−8=8(32n−1)=8(3n−1)(3n+1)​

由于 3n 是奇数,3n−1 和 3n+1 是连续偶数,其中一个必是 4 的倍数,故 (3n−1)(3n+1) 是 2×4=8 的倍数,因此:

8×8=64∣8(32n−1)

即 64∣bn+1​−bn​。


步骤 5:结论

  • 由 64∣bn​,得 8bn​=an+1​−an​ 是 8×64=512 的倍数。
  • 结合 a1​=0,由归纳法,对所有正整数 n,512∣an​,即 512∣32n−32n2+24n−1。


Given any integer \(n>1\), prove that there exists a positive integer a such that all numbers in the sequence \(a^a+1,\ a^{a^a}+1,\ a^{a^{a^a}}+1,\dots\) are divisible by n.

任给 \(n>1\),证明:存在正整数 a,使得 \(a^a+1,\ a^{a^a}+1,\ a^{a^{a^a}}+1,\dots\) 中所有数均被 n 整除。

若 k 为奇数,则 \(a+1 \mid a^k + 1\)。
证明:因式分解得
\(a^k + 1 = (a+1)(a^{k-1} – a^{k-2} + a^{k-3} – \dots + 1)\)
当 k 为奇数时,上式恒成立,因此 \(a+1\) 一定整除 \(a^k + 1\)。

我们只需要同时满足两个条件:

  1. a 是奇数;
  2. \(n \mid a+1\)。

取 \(a = 2n – 1\),它天然满足这两个条件:

  • \(a = 2n-1\) 是奇数(偶数减 1 必为奇数);
  • \(a + 1 = 2n\),显然 \(n \mid 2n\),即 \(n \mid a+1\)。
  1. 第一项 \(a^a + 1\):指数 a 是奇数,由引理得 \(a+1 \mid a^a + 1\),又 \(n \mid a+1\),因此 \(n \mid a^a + 1\)。
  2. 第二项 \(a^{a^a} + 1\):指数 \(a^a\) 是奇数(奇数的任何次幂都是奇数),由引理得 \(a+1 \mid a^{a^a} + 1\),又 \(n \mid a+1\),因此 \(n \mid a^{a^a} + 1\)。
  3. 以此类推,所有塔式幂次的指数都是奇数,因此每一项都被 n 整除。

评论

One response to “NT7 Multiples of Special Numbers 特殊数的倍数特征[C Done]”

  1. radmin Avatar

    C done
    这些证明题的解法还是不熟悉,只能通过大量练习才能掌握

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