- \(\boldsymbol{\gcd(a,b)=a \iff a \mid b \iff \operatorname{lcm}(a,b)=b}\)
- Any common divisor of a and b is a divisor of \(\gcd(a,b)\); any common multiple of a and b is a multiple of \(\operatorname{lcm}(a,b)\).If \(m\mid a,\;m\mid b\), then \(m\mid \gcd(a,b)\); if \(a\mid m,\;b\mid m\), then \(\operatorname{lcm}(a,b)\mid m\).
- For any positive integer m:\(\boldsymbol{\gcd(am,bm)=m\cdot\gcd(a,b)},\quad \boldsymbol{\operatorname{lcm}(am,bm)=m\cdot\operatorname{lcm}(a,b)}\)
- \(\boldsymbol{\gcd(a,b)\times \operatorname{lcm}(a,b)=|ab|}\)
- Bezout’s Identity: If \(\boldsymbol{\gcd(a,b)=d}\), there exist integers \(m,n\) such that \(\boldsymbol{am+bn=d}\).
- If \(\boldsymbol{\gcd(a,c)=1}\), then \(\boldsymbol{\gcd(a,bc)=\gcd(a,b)}\).
- If \(\boldsymbol{\gcd(a,m)=1}\) and \(\boldsymbol{\gcd(b,m)=1}\), then \(\boldsymbol{\gcd(ab,m)=1}\).
- If \(\boldsymbol{a\mid bc}\) and \(\boldsymbol{\gcd(a,c)=1}\), then \(\boldsymbol{a\mid b}\).
- If \(\boldsymbol{a\mid m,\;b\mid m}\) and \(\boldsymbol{\gcd(a,b)=1}\), then \(\boldsymbol{ab\mid m}\).
最大公约数(GCD)与最小公倍数(LCM)性质
中文总结
- 两数的最大公约数等于数a,等价于a能整除b,等价于两数的最小公倍数等于b。
- \(a,b\)的任意公约数都是二者最大公约数的约数;\(a,b\)的任意公倍数都是二者最小公倍数的倍数。
- 对任意正整数m,两数同乘m后的最大公约数、最小公倍数,分别等于原最大公约数、最小公倍数乘m。
- 两个数的最大公约数与最小公倍数的乘积,等于这两个数乘积的绝对值。
- 裴蜀定理(贝祖定理):若\(a,b\)的最大公约数为d,则存在整数\(m,n\),使得 \(am+bn=d\)。
- 若a与c互质,则a和bc的最大公约数等于a和b的最大公约数。
- 若a、b均与m互质,则ab与m互质。
- 若a能整除bc,且a与c互质,则a能整除b。
- 若a、b都能整除m,且a、b互质,则ab能整除m。
Euclidean Algorithm (Method of Successive Division)
Given two positive integers \(a,b\), the steps to find their greatest common divisor \(\gcd(a,b)\):
- Repeat division with remainder: divide the larger number by the smaller one, and replace the original larger number with the obtained remainder.
- This process terminates after finite steps when the remainder becomes 0.
- The last non‑zero divisor is the greatest common divisor of a and b.This algorithm is also called the Method of Successive Division.
设 \(a,b\) 为正整数,求二者最大公约数 \((a,b)\) 的方法:
- 反复进行带余除法:用两数中较大的数除以较小的数,用所得余数替换原来的较大数;
- 该操作经过有限次后,余数必为 0,运算停止;
- 最后一个不为 0 的除数,即为 \(a,b\) 的最大公约数;此算法也叫辗转相除法。
Given that n is a positive integer less than 50, and \(4n+5\) and \(7n+6\) are not coprime, find all values of n that satisfy the conditions.
已知n为小于50的正整数,且使得\(4n+5\)和\(7n+6\)的值不互质,求所有满足要求的n。
解答
核心原理:利用欧几里得算法(辗转相除法),最大公约数满足 \(\boldsymbol{\gcd(a,b)=\gcd(a,b-a)}\),两数不互质即最大公约数大于1。
- 化简最大公约数:
\(\begin{align*} \gcd(4n+5,\,7n+6)&=\gcd(4n+5,\,(7n+6)-(4n+5))=\gcd(4n+5,\,3n+1)\\ &=\gcd(3n+1,\,(4n+5)-(3n+1))=\gcd(3n+1,\,n+4)\\ &=\gcd(n+4,\,(3n+1)-3(n+4))=\gcd(n+4,\,-11)\\ &=\gcd(n+4,\,11) \end{align*}\)
- 分析条件:11 是质数,两数不互质 \(\implies \gcd(n+4,11)=11\),即 \(\boldsymbol{11\mid n+4}\)。
- 求符合范围的n:设 \(n+4=11k\)(k为正整数),则 \(n=11k-4\)。由 \(0<n<50\):
- \(k=1\),\(n=7\)
- \(k=2\),\(n=18\)
- \(k=3\),\(n=29\)
- \(k=4\),\(n=40\)
- \(k=5\),\(n=51>50\)(舍去)
最终答案:\(\boldsymbol{n=7,\,18,\,29,\,40}\)
Let \(m,a,b\) be positive integers with \(m>1\). Prove that
\(\boldsymbol{\gcd\left(m^a-1,\ m^b-1\right)=m^{\gcd(a,b)}-1}\)
设 \(m,a,b\) 均为正整数,且 \(m>1\),证明:
\(\boldsymbol{\left(m^a-1,\ m^b-1\right)=m^{(a,b)}-1}\)
其中 \((x,y)\) 表示 \(x,y\) 的最大公约数。
解答
步骤 1:证明核心引理
对整数 \(m>1,\ a\ge b>0\),有
\(\boldsymbol{\gcd(m^a-1,\ m^b-1)=\gcd(m^{a-b}-1,\ m^b-1)}\)
推导:
利用代数变形 \(m^a-1=m^{a-b}(m^b-1)+(m^{a-b}-1)\),
根据最大公约数性质 \(\gcd(x,y)=\gcd(y,x\bmod y)\),
可得 \(\gcd(m^a-1,\,m^b-1)=\gcd(m^b-1,\,m^{a-b}-1)\)。
步骤 2:指数辗转相除证明原式
对指数 \(a,b\) 使用欧几里得辗转相除法:
不妨设 \(a\ge b\),反复套用引理: \(\begin{align*} \gcd(m^a-1,\,m^b-1)&=\gcd(m^{a-b}-1,\,m^b-1)\\ &=\gcd(m^b-1,\,m^{a\bmod b}-1) \end{align*}\)
该过程与直接对指数 \(a,b\) 求最大公约数 \(\gcd(a,b)\) 的步骤完全一致。
设 \(d=\gcd(a,b)\),指数辗转相除最终结果为 d,因此
\(\boldsymbol{\gcd(m^a-1,\,m^b-1)=m^d-1=m^{\gcd(a,b)}-1}\)
举例验证
取 \(m=2,\ a=4,\ b=6\):
\(\gcd(2^4-1,\,2^6-1)=\gcd(15,63)=3\),
\(2^{\gcd(4,6)}-1=2^2-1=3\),等式成立。
Solution
Step 1: Prove the Key Lemma
For integers \(m>1\) and \(a\ge b>0\),
\(\boldsymbol{\gcd(m^a-1,\ m^b-1)=\gcd(m^{a-b}-1,\ m^b-1)}\)
Derivation:
From the identity \(m^a-1=m^{a-b}(m^b-1)+(m^{a-b}-1)\),
by the Euclidean algorithm property \(\gcd(x,y)=\gcd(y,x\bmod y)\),
we get \(\gcd(m^a-1,\,m^b-1)=\gcd(m^b-1,\,m^{a-b}-1)\).
Step 2: Prove the original formula via exponent division
Apply the Euclidean Algorithm to exponents \(a,b\):
Assume \(a\ge b\), repeatedly use the lemma: \(\begin{align*} \gcd(m^a-1,\,m^b-1)&=\gcd(m^{a-b}-1,\,m^b-1)\\ &=\gcd(m^b-1,\,m^{a\bmod b}-1) \end{align*}\)
This process is exactly the same as calculating \(\gcd(a,b)\).
Let \(d=\gcd(a,b)\). The exponent division terminates at d, so
\(\boldsymbol{\gcd(m^a-1,\,m^b-1)=m^d-1=m^{\gcd(a,b)}-1}\)
Verification Example
Take \(m=2,\ a=4,\ b=6\):
\(\gcd(2^4-1,\,2^6-1)=\gcd(15,63)=3\),
\(2^{\gcd(4,6)}-1=2^2-1=3\). The equality holds.
上面的这个题目其实有更一般的形式,就是把1换成变量
通用定理
设正整数 \(a,b\),整数 \(x、y\) 满足 \(\boldsymbol{\gcd(x,y)=1}\)(\(x,y\) 互质),则
\(\boldsymbol{\gcd\left(x^a-y^a,\ x^b-y^b\right)=x^{\gcd(a,b)}-y^{\gcd(a,b)}}\)
特例(你之前学的 \(m^n-1\) 形式)
当 \(\boldsymbol{y=1}\) 时,直接退化为:
\(\boldsymbol{\gcd\left(x^a-1,\ x^b-1\right)=x^{\gcd(a,b)}-1}\)
核心原理
- 因式分解:\(x^n-y^n=(x-y)(x^{n-1}+x^{n-2}y+\dots+y^{n-1})\)
- 指数辗转相除:\(\gcd(x^a-y^a,\,x^b-y^b)=\gcd(x^b-y^b,\,x^{a-b}-y^{a-b})\ (a\ge b)\),对指数 \(a,b\) 用欧几里得算法,最终指数为 \(\gcd(a,b)\)
- \(\gcd(x,y)=1\) 用来排除额外公因数干扰
General Theorem
Let \(a,b\) be positive integers, and integers \(x,y\) satisfy \(\boldsymbol{\gcd(x,y)=1}\) (x and y are coprime). Then
\(\boldsymbol{\gcd\left(x^a-y^a,\ x^b-y^b\right)=x^{\gcd(a,b)}-y^{\gcd(a,b)}}\)
Special Case (your previous \(m^n-1\) form)
When \(\boldsymbol{y=1}\), it simplifies directly to:
\(\boldsymbol{\gcd\left(x^a-1,\ x^b-1\right)=x^{\gcd(a,b)}-1}\)
Core Principle
- Factorization: \(x^n-y^n=(x-y)(x^{n-1}+x^{n-2}y+\dots+y^{n-1})\)
- Exponent Euclidean Algorithm:\(\gcd(x^a-y^a,\,x^b-y^b)=\gcd(x^b-y^b,\,x^{a-b}-y^{a-b})\ (a\ge b)\).Apply the Euclidean algorithm to exponents \(a,b\), the final exponent is \(\gcd(a,b)\).
- The condition \(\gcd(x,y)=1\) eliminates extra common divisors.
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